Addressing the conference in Islamabad on Sunday, the Nobel Peace Prize winner said she was “overwhelmed and happy” to be back in her home country. She has only returned to Pakistan a handful of times since the 2012 attack, after making her first return in 2018.

On Sunday, she said the Taliban government had again created “a system of gender apartheid”.

The Taliban were “punishing women and girls who dare to break their obscure laws by beating them up, detaining them and harming them”, she said.

She added that the group “cloak their crimes in cultural and religious justification” but actually “go against everything our faith stands for”.

The Taliban declined to respond to a BBC request for comment on the advocate’s remarks. They have previously said they respect women’s rights in accordance with their interpretation of Afghan culture and Islamic law.

The group’s leaders were invited to the summit run by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) by the Pakistan government and the Muslim World League, but did not attend.

Conference attendees included dozens of ministers and scholars from Muslim-majority countries who advocated for girls’ education.

Since the Taliban regained control of Afghanistan in 2021, its government has not been formally recognised by a single foreign government. Western powers have said the group’s policies restricting women need to change.

Afghanistan is now the only country in the world where women and girls are banned from secondary and higher education – some one and a half million have been deliberately deprived of schooling.

The Taliban has repeatedly promised they would be re-admitted to school once a number of issues were resolved – including ensuring the curriculum was “Islamic”. This has yet to happen.

In December, women were also banned from training as midwives and nurses, effectively closing off their last route to further education in the country.

Ms Yousafzai said girls education was at risk in multiple countries. She said in Gaza, Israel had “decimated the entire education system”.

She urged those present “call out the worst violations” of girls’ right to education and pointed out that crises in countries including Afghanistan, Yemen and Sudan meant “the entire future of girls is stolen”.